Shotguns vs Drones: 4 Years of the russian-Ukrainian War
Everything I’ve learned about shotguns against drones in one publication. Drone warfare is no longer limited to Ukraine. Lessons learned here are relevant worldwide.
If you read only one page
Recommended shotgun: 12 gauge semi-auto
Recommended load: 36 g No.1–000 lead OR tungsten No.5–000
Optimal velocity: 420–440 m/s
Effective reliable distance:
Lead: ~50 m
Tungsten: 55–65 m
Choke: Modified
Sights: Ventilated rib + bead OR red dot (zeroed at 50 m)
Barrel: 56–66, 47 cm with tungsten
Four years have passed since what everyone expected – yet no one could truly believe, happened: Russia invaded Ukraine. What they planned to finish in a few days or weeks has now been going on for four full years.
I would like to thank the readers of my blog for their support throughout all this time, through letters, messages, and Patreon subscriptions. You are incredible.
In this publication, I would like to share everything I have learned during this period while training military personnel to use shotguns against drones. The training sessions were conducted in Kyiv, Odesa, and even in Sloviansk, directly for service members who needed it most. Among those we trained were everyone from military academy cadets to special operations forces.
Sloviansk Ukraine
From the trenches of the First World War to the trenches of the Third World War
After the start of the full-scale war, smoothbore shotguns were largely forgotten, as rifled firearms dominated the battlefield. But the war evolved quickly, and around 2023 it became clear that drones were being used on a massive scale. This included both explosive-dropping drones such as Mavic and Autel platforms, and improvised one-way attack quadcopters, commonly known as FPV drones.
Thus, the “trench broom” of the First World War found its place again on the modern battlefield, albeit in a different role. Frontline footage shows fighters carrying everything from side-by-side double-barrel shotguns to modern semi-automatic models.
In early 2024, I was invited to a test range to evaluate and verify the effectiveness of a shotgun against an attacking FPV drone. From that test, I have a video of successfully downing such a drone, which has since reached nearly five million views on Facebook.
Since then, we have conducted numerous tests, recorded many videos, and trained dozens of service members. The main conclusion I have reached is that a combat shotgun against drones is always a compromise.
Now I want to summarize the experience gained over this entire period and provide you with a practical, ready-to-use framework as of the time of writing this publication, early 2026.
Are shotguns effective against drones?
Shotguns have long been used effectively against drones. Electronic warfare systems are useful, but they are expensive, limited in number, and not always reliable. They operate only within certain frequency ranges, and those frequencies are constantly being changed. With the emergence of fiber-optic FPV drones, electronic warfare stopped being a guaranteed solution, because such drones cannot be jammed. At the same time, fiber-optic drones are generally more vulnerable to small arms fire due to their larger size and lower speed.
A shotgun is simple, affordable, widely available, and always provides at least a chance to bring a drone down. There is always a luck factor involved, and there have been successful hits at longer distances than those recorded during controlled tests. A shotgun gives you a chance to down a drone. When such weapons are absent, drone operators often feel unchallenged, and footage shows them flying slowly and even toying with their target, like a cat with a mouse.
FPV drones do not always fly at maximum speed. Sometimes they approach the target by passing nearby, performing maneuvers, making turns, searching, and lining up for the attack. It is precisely during these moments that the probability of hitting them is highest. Service members have shown me numerous videos of successful shoot-downs, as well as piles of downed drones.
Rifles offer a lower probability of hit, although several new types of multi-projectile cartridges have recently been developed to significantly increase the chances of a successful engagement. Examples include the Ukrainian “Horoshok,” the Russian “Mnogotochie,” and the American, Lithuanian and Swiss 5.56 mm and 7.62 anti-drone cartridges. However, the main focus of this publication is shotguns.
Type of shotgun: pump-action vs. semi-automatic
There are many myths on this topic. One of them claims that a pump-action shotgun is more reliable and that malfunctions are easier to clear. As a shooter who has been using the Remington 870 and other pump-action shotguns for more than 15 years, I can say that if I were choosing a weapon specifically for countering drones, I would choose a semi-automatic. Let’s break down why.
The reliability of a shotgun primarily depends on you: proper ammunition selection, cleaning, lubrication, and maintenance. Only secondarily does it depend on the type of action.
If we take two shotguns of different types, both properly broken in, cleaned, lubricated, and matched with suitable ammunition, they will operate with comparable reliability, whether pump-action or semi-automatic.
When both guns become heavily fouled, both will stop functioning properly. The idea that a pump-action will continue to run better when dirty is largely a myth.
If sand gets into the magazine tube, the follower can seize in either type of shotgun. If debris gets into the moving parts, a pump-action can become very difficult to cycle manually and may jam, just as a semi-automatic can malfunction.
When using improper ammunition, a pump-action can jam just as a semi-automatic can. That is why during training I teach cadets, in such cases, to brace the shotgun against the thigh and pull the fore-end with both hands. This can help if the shell is not so tightly stuck that it tears the rim off the case, which also happens.
Now that you understand that a pump-action does not provide a real advantage in terms of reliability, let’s look at the advantages of a semi-automatic.
First, ease of use. To fire the next shot, the shooter only needs to press the trigger. With a pump-action, especially when shooting quickly, proper cycling technique must be learned and executed correctly.
This becomes especially important in non-ideal conditions, such as shooting from an awkward position or inside a moving vehicle. In such conditions, it is easy to make an incorrect movement with a pump-action, which can lead to a malfunction, such as a failure to eject or a double feed.
Clearing malfunctions on a pump-action and on a semi-automatic generally takes about the same amount of time.
Mastering the controls of a pump-action shotgun and a semi-automatic shotgun also requires roughly the same amount of training time.
Therefore, if your goal is to master the shotgun as quickly as possible, to be able to deliver fast follow-up shots, and especially to operate effectively from awkward positions or in difficult conditions, I recommend a semi-automatic.
Semi-automatic Shotguns with Detachable Box Magazines
This is another question and another compromise that military personnel often face. A shotgun with detachable box magazines has both advantages and disadvantages.
The advantages are simple and obvious: compactness, especially in a bullpup configuration; fast reloading using preloaded magazines; and often easier mounting of red dot optics.
The disadvantages include reduced reliability compared to traditional tube-fed systems, greater mechanical complexity, and the need to maintain a sufficient number of magazines and properly care for them.
However, they are inexpensive and easy to operate, which is why they are widely issued and used in large numbers within the Ukrainian military.
Ammunition against drones
A shotgun uses shotshells loaded with pellets, meaning metal spheres of various diameters. For example, a 36-gram load of No. 3 shot, with a pellet diameter of 3.5 mm, contains 144 pellets. This is what distinguishes a shotgun from platforms such as the AK or AR-15. A shotgun creates a cloud of projectiles, making it easier to engage small, fast-moving targets such as birds, clay targets, and now drones.
At first, a wide variety of loads were tested. With time and experience, it became clear that a drone should be engaged at the greatest possible distance. Even a downed or critically damaged drone can still travel 15 to 20 meters. It was determined that the smallest shot size that can be used effectively is No. 3 (3.5 mm), while the largest practical size is No. 000 (4.75 mm). In static defensive positions, where there is a possibility of encountering larger drones such as loitering munitions like the Lancet, buckshot has also been used.
The general recommendation is lead shot in sizes No. 1, 2, 3, 0, 00, and 000, with a tendency toward larger pellet sizes.
A cost-effective way to increase the effectiveness of lead shot is to use harder alloys with increased antimony content or by adding harder metals to the alloy.
Larger shot carries greater kinetic energy and can damage drones at longer distances, but it significantly reduces pellet count. This means fewer chances to hit the drone, while increasing the destructive potential of each individual pellet. A combat shotgun against drones is always a compromise.
With a 36-gram load, a single shell contains approximately 141 pellets of No. 3 shot, 3.5 mm in diameter, or 56 pellets of No. 000 shot, 4.75 mm in diameter.
Payload weight and muzzle velocity
The demand for anti-drone ammunition has created an entire niche industry. Unfortunately, it contains more marketing than genuinely new and effective loads. When a service member enters a store looking for anti-drone ammunition, a name like Drone Hunter sells very well. However, after testing, standard hunting loads often proved more effective.
Another result of the pursuit of higher effectiveness has been the introduction of extremely heavy loads, 45, 50, and even 55 grams. These do not provide a meaningful advantage and do not meet the advertised effectiveness at 100 meters. Such loads generate excessive recoil, which disrupts the sight picture, makes rapid follow-up shots difficult, and can even damage the shotgun. In practice, two fast shots with a 36-gram load are more effective than a single shot with a 55-gram load.
The recommended payload weight for anti-drone ammunition is 32 to 42 grams. Forty-two grams should be considered the upper limit, and only for experienced shooters. The optimal balance is 36 grams. This provides a sufficient number of projectiles without producing excessive recoil, allowing rapid fire.
Muzzle velocity is also critical. Ideally, it should be in the range of 420 to 440 meters per second to ensure better terminal energy and reduced lead on the target. Tungsten shot from Rio demonstrated a muzzle velocity of 445 meters per second from a short barrel on a chronograph and proved extremely effective against drones in our tests.
Tungsten
However, there are far more interesting and effective loads: pellets made from tungsten alloys. They are exceptionally well suited for destroying drones, and here is why.
Their density is higher than that of lead, meaning each pellet has greater mass for the same diameter. Their hardness is also dramatically higher, up to 2520% greater than standard lead shot. As a result, tungsten pellets retain velocity better and lose energy more slowly, while also delivering significantly greater structural damage on impact.
Comparison of the Density and Hardness:
| Shot Material | Density, g/cm³ | Hardness, HV (Vickers) |
|---|---|---|
| Lead + Antimony | 11.34 | ≈ 9–11 HV |
| Steel | 7.87 | 131 HV |
| Tungsten Alloy | 18.0–18.3 | ≈ 262 HV |
A logical question would be about steel shot. However, steel has lower density, which means less mass per pellet and faster energy loss downrange.
Comparison of the Energy of a Single Pellet at Different Distances:
| Shot Material | Pellet Mass (3 mm), g | Energy at 50 m, J | Energy at 100 m, J |
|---|---|---|---|
| Steel | 0.111 | 1.85 | 0.30 |
| Lead | 0.160 | 4.66 | 1.31 |
| Tungsten | 0.257 | 12.02 | 5.44 |
At 50 meters, tungsten carries approximately 550% more energy than steel and about 158% more than lead.
At 100 meters, tungsten carries approximately 1713% more energy than steel and about 315% more than lead.
Another advantage of tungsten shot is the ability to use smaller pellet sizes, for example No. 5, 3 mm in diameter, in order to achieve a wider pattern and a higher pellet count. When using lead, pellets of that size often lack the hardness and retained energy necessary to cause meaningful damage at distance. With tungsten, even such small pellets can still inflict effective damage at extended ranges.
At 50 meters, tungsten birdshot has approximately 550% more energy than steel and 158% more than lead.
At 100 meters, tungsten birdshot has approximately 1713% more energy than steel and about 315% more energy than lead.
IGLA (“Needle”) from the aggressor state
The fact that hard lead or tungsten-alloy shot is a fast and effective solution is also demonstrated by Russia’s own developments known as IGLA 30 and IGLA 50. These cartridges use hardened shot, with an alloy hardness approximately 1.5 times greater than standard lead shot, and a muzzle velocity of 435 m/s.
IGLA 100 is a 42-gram load using a tungsten–nickel–iron alloy shot, designed to extend the effective engagement range up to 100 meters.
The main drawback of tungsten-alloy shot cartridges is their cost. They can be up to 15 times more expensive than standard shotshells.
The advantage, however, is that setting up mass production of such cartridges is far simpler and faster than developing and manufacturing more exotic alternatives.
Exotic Shotshells
In theory, an interesting concept was the use of wire or Kevlar thread connecting separate segments or buckshot pellets, so that after leaving the barrel they would spread out into a net-like pattern, increasing the probability of striking a drone.
Examples include the Russian “Perekhvat” and several Ukrainian variants. I personally tested three different versions, and they proved effective only up to 30 meters. At that distance, even conventional large lead shot performs very well. Beyond 30 meters, the projectile flight path became unpredictable. Some of the cartridges deployed properly and expanded into a large net-like structure, but missed the target. Others used Kevlar thread that was too weak, and the drones were able to sever it during testing.
For me, despite their theoretical promise, such cartridges have so far proven ineffective and overly complex to manufacture.
Chokes
The best advice is to experiment with your specific shotgun, your chokes, and your chosen ammunition by shooting at paper targets at distances of 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 meters.
As a general recommendation, a Modified choke is the most versatile option. This constriction still provides a sufficiently wide pattern at shorter distances, around 30 meters, while maintaining enough density to effectively engage targets at 50 meters and beyond. Of course, performance depends heavily on multiple variables, including barrel length, pellet size, muzzle velocity, and other factors.
In Ukraine, specialized pattern-testing targets with a drone silhouette in the center have recently become popular.
By the way, if you plan to use tungsten or steel shot, make sure your choke is rated for it. It should be clearly marked “Steel Shot OK.”
Engagement distance
During testing, we often managed to down FPV drones at distances of only 20 to 30 meters. At that range, a drone can still continue flying by inertia and potentially reach the shooter before detonating. That is why tactics and proper cover are critical. Still, having a chance to destroy the drone at 20 to 30 meters is far better than allowing it to fly directly and accurately into you.
Shotguns are also used to protect moving vehicles, where a shoot-down can be safer due to constant movement. Depending on conditions and tactics, successful engagements are possible at greater distances, but many variables influence the outcome.
The longest distance we achieved with large, hardened lead shot was 70 meters. However, that was essentially a lucky shot, where a single pellet severed motor wiring. A consistent and reliable engagement distance with lead was around 40 meters.
With tungsten shot, reliable hits and confirmed shoot-downs were achieved at 63, 54, and 36 meters. These were stable, repeatable results, allowing us to conclude that this is a truly effective type of ammunition that significantly extends engagement distance to a relatively safer range. It is important to remember that even a downed or damaged drone can still travel an additional 15 to 20 meters due to inertia.
The compromise of an anti-drone shotgun
Choosing the type and configuration of a shotgun for combat use is always a compromise. For example, the ideal platform for countering enemy drones would be a shotgun with the longest possible barrel, 71 to 76 cm, interchangeable chokes, a traditional stock, and a ventilated rib. Such a setup works well for protecting fixed positions and static defensive roles.
A popular example among Ukrainian service members is the Hatsan Escort Xtreme Dark Grey. However, this is a fairly large firearm, with an overall length of about 128 cm.
For mobile units that frequently operate from vehicles or in confined spaces, such a configuration is impractical. For them, compactness and ease of transport are critical. That is why bullpup shotguns such as the Hatsan BTS-12 have become popular. Thanks to the bullpup layout, the overall length is only 81 cm, while still retaining a 56 cm barrel.
The demand for anti-drone shotguns and ammunition has driven the development of numerous models. Many have been tested. For example, a pump-action shotgun from Fabarm did not seem fully ready for this role, while the Benelli M4 Drone Guardian appears far more suitable.
In practical terms, there is little reason to consider anything other than 12 gauge. It is the most widely available gauge worldwide, including in Ukraine, and offers the broadest selection of firearms and ammunition. Choosing 20 gauge as a deliberate combat shotgun option does not make sense.
Most shotguns currently in Ukrainian defense forces are Turkish, Italian, or American models without specialized marketing branding. Turkish clones of the Benelli M4 and M2 are especially common, such as the Typhoon Quake and Sulun Tac-12.
The reason is simple: cost. For the price of one Benelli M4 Drone Guardian, it is possible to purchase eight clones and equip eight service members instead of one. Weapons are frequently lost in war, and many are purchased with personal funds rather than through state contracts. Government procurement often reacts slowly to frontline needs, sometimes with delays of several months to a year.
Bullpup shotguns are frequently discussed. The Hatsan BTS-12 is one of the most widespread. Other examples include the SAFARI HG-105, assembled in Ukraine from Turkish components, which is one of the least refined options; the Typhoon Sierra, which is more expensive but better built; and the Serengeti S-12, a Turkish AUG-style design in 12 gauge. However, these models typically use ghost ring rear sights and front posts, which are not ideal for engaging fast-moving aerial targets.
For static positions, units often select shotguns with the longest possible barrels, 66 to 76 cm. Artillery and mortar crews have even used such setups to shoot down larger loitering munitions such as the Lancet. One field practice involves loading shells so that larger shot is fired first for longer-range engagement, followed by smaller shot to increase hit probability at closer distances. At longer ranges, buckshot has also been used to damage the plywood body of Lancet-type drones.
Does barrel length matter?
Service members frequently ask about shotgun selection, so testing the most popular models was only a matter of time.
How does barrel length affect velocity and penetration?
Muzzle velocity, measured over five shots using Rio 36 g No. 3 ammunition:
Typhoon Quake, 47 cm: 412.8 m/s
Hatsan BTS-12, 56 cm: 426.9 m/s
Hatsan BTS-12 with barrel extension, 66 cm: 430.3 m/s
Hatsan Extreme, 76 cm: 440.6 m/s
Velocity increase per centimeter of the barrel:
47 to 56 cm: approximately 1.57 m/s per cm, plus 3.42%
56 to 66 cm: approximately 0.34 m/s per cm, plus 0.80%
66 to 76 cm: approximately 1.03 m/s per cm, plus 2.39%
Average gain from 47 to 76 cm: approximately 0.96 m/s per cm, plus 6.73%
Penetration into dry pine board at 50 meters, not including pellet diameter of 3.5 mm:
Typhoon Quake, 47 cm: 6.5 mm penetration
Hatsan BTS-12, 56 cm: 7.55 mm
Hatsan BTS-12 with extension, 66 cm: 7.55 mm
Hatsan Extreme, 76 cm: 8.6 mm
Increasing barrel length from 47 to 56 cm produced about 10% more penetration.
From 56 to 66 cm, there was no measurable increase; the barrel extension did not improve penetration.
From 66 to 76 cm, penetration increased again by roughly 10%.
Overall, a 76 cm barrel demonstrated approximately 21 to 22% greater penetration than a 47 cm barrel.
Additional testing showed that No. 3 shot penetrated 8.6 mm from the longest barrel, while hardened No. 000 shot from STS fully penetrated the board even from the shortest barrel at similar velocities.
Interestingly, pattern density from a 47 cm barrel with a full choke appeared visually tighter than from a 76 cm barrel.
My conclusion is that extending barrel length from 47 to 76 cm may provide about 7% higher muzzle velocity and roughly 20% more penetration, but it still will not produce extreme penetration at 50 meters. However, No. 000 shot will penetrate the board even from a 47 cm barrel.
Longer barrels do offer advantages, such as a longer sight radius and more intuitive aiming.
Sights: bead and rib, iron sights, or ghost ring?
Among standard mechanical sighting systems, nothing has surpassed the ventilated rib with a front bead for engaging fast-moving aerial targets. It has been the standard choice for decades in clay shooting and bird hunting. It does not obstruct the field of view and allows very fast, intuitive target acquisition.
Traditional notch-and-post or ghost ring sights are slower and less intuitive for this role.
The fastest and most convenient option is a ventilated rib with a front bead, but make sure to train while wearing body armor and a helmet so you can get used to proper shouldering and sight alignment.
Red dot optics
Red dot sights are designed to make aiming intuitive, simple, and fast. Shotguns are no exception, especially when equipped with a proper Picatinny rail. Mounting a red dot directly on a ventilated rib is generally not recommended due to reliability concerns.
For military users engaging drones, red dots can be extremely useful because of body armor and helmets. Protective gear can make proper shouldering inconsistent and awkward, especially during sudden engagements or while operating from a moving vehicle.
A red dot allows effective aiming even with imperfect gun mounting, such as when the shotgun is slightly canted or not fully seated in the shoulder.
Zeroing
Before operational use, the shotgun must be properly zeroed. Although one might hope the factory performed this step, that is often not the case.
Zeroing is done with slug ammunition. Loads in the 28 to 32 g range are recommended. Always follow the manufacturer’s instructions regarding choke compatibility.
The general recommendation for slugs is to use a Cylinder choke or Improved Cylinder.
Be cautious with solid steel slugs. While uncommon today, improper use can damage the barrel or choke.
Zeroing should be performed from a stable rest at 50 meters. Fire three shots and adjust the sights as necessary. Some shotguns have fixed sights, in which case verification is still important, and different slug loads may produce better consistency in a specific firearm.
After zeroing with slugs, test the shot pattern with your selected anti-drone loads.
Red dot optics should also be zeroed at 50 meters.
Pattern testing
After zeroing, set up large targets, such as drone silhouettes or large sheets of paper, and test patterns at 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 meters.
This will help you understand the real capabilities and limitations of your setup. If you have multiple types of ammunition, test all of them and select the load that provides the most consistent and densest pattern at various distances.
This is important because the same cartridge can produce completely different results when used in different shotguns and even with different choke constrictions.
Label each target and take photos so you can preserve this data and share it with your fellow service members.
Break-in and maintenance
A new shotgun requires a break-in period. For example, page 12 of the Benelli M2 manual states that new shotguns may require a break-in period before functioning reliably with lighter loads and recommends firing several boxes of standard hunting ammunition.
From personal experience and the experience of many shooters, this advice is valid. Conduct a 100-round training session, then clean and lubricate the shotgun properly.
If, after 100 to 200 rounds of break-in, the shotgun still has issues with standard 32 g loads, the problem should be diagnosed or addressed under warranty.
Maintenance
You must monitor the cleanliness of your weapon even in field conditions. A simple protective cover can shield it from dirt, sand, and water. Make sure that no foreign objects enter the barrel or the internal mechanisms.
It is recommended to clean and lubricate the shotgun after every 100 rounds fired. If fewer rounds have been fired, clean it whenever possible.
Proper shotgun operation also depends on the cleanliness of the detachable box magazine. When cleaning the firearm, make sure to clean the magazine as well.
The key condition for reliable feeding from a detachable box magazine is the absence of mechanical damage, along with regular disassembly and cleaning.
It is important not to store magazines loaded for extended periods, as this can deform soft plastic hulls and weaken the magazine spring.
Training
It will not surprise regular readers that the most effective drone shooters were hunters and clay sport shooters.
Shooting at fast-moving aerial targets differs fundamentally from shooting at static targets. Key elements include a stable stance, proper target tracking, and correct lead. The shooter must focus on the target, not on the sights.
Many aspects of this technique differ from what military personnel are typically trained to do.
In training, the most common cause of misses was stopping the gun during the shot. When the shooter stops swinging, the shot string falls behind the target. The shotgun must continue moving through the shot, and even after firing. The swing speed must match the target’s speed.
Lead depends on target trajectory:
When the target is approaching the shooter, lead is minimal because angular velocity is low. Aim at the center or slightly above, especially at longer distances.
When the target is moving away, aim slightly below or cover the target with the barrel.
When the target moves left or right, shoot ahead of it, adjusting for speed. Never stop the gun during the shot.
A useful training method on the range is to have one shooter fire at clay targets while others practice tracking the target with unloaded firearms.
Do NOT:
- Use ultra-heavy 42+ g loads
- Store magazines loaded for months
- Mount red dots on ventilated ribs
- Ignore choke compatibility with tungsten/steel
- Shoot drones closer than 20 m in training
- Use short, cylinder-bore barrels
Engaging drones
A preparatory stage can include shooting at drone simulations, such as a balloon or an improvised mock-up suspended on a tether beneath an FPV drone or a Mavic-type drone.
After that, training can progress to FPV drones equipped with a mock warhead. Ideally, the pilot should be experienced and capable of confidently controlling the drone. The approach should begin from around 100 meters, with live fire starting approximately between 70 and 30 meters. Shooting at distances closer than that offers little training value, as hitting the drone becomes too easy and does not provide meaningful learning experience.
When training with a real drone simulating an attack on the shooter, place the drone’s target point at a safe distance from the shooter. A damaged drone is often uncontrollable. If one motor is hit, the remaining motors may increase RPM to compensate for the loss of thrust, causing the drone to veer off in an unpredictable direction.
The shooter must wear personal protective equipment: ballistic eye protection, body armor, and a helmet.
Tip: attach the drone battery using plastic zip ties so that in the event of a shoot-down they will break and allow the damaged battery to separate from the airframe. In many cases, drones are destroyed because the battery is damaged and ignites, burning the entire drone. If the battery separates, it will typically burn on its own.
Warning: lithium burns at extremely high temperatures and cannot be extinguished easily. Allow it to burn out from a safe distance.
If I had to equip a soldier tomorrow:
- 12 ga semi-auto
- 47-66 cm barrel
- Modified choke
- 36 g No. 3-5 Tungsten shot
- Red dot on rail
- Zeroing and pattern testing
- 100 rounds break-in plus 250 rounds training (clay targets and real FPV drones)
In my view, the Third World War has already begun, even if not everyone recognizes it yet. Train and prepare accordingly. I hope this article helps you.
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We older Americans do NOT understand meters, centimeters, ETC.. We understand Feet, Yards, etc. Please rewrite so WE can understand! Thank you, Richard